On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• , sometimes referred to as 2D1 and 2D2, with intensities approximately one fourth and half of that of the so-called G peak (ca. 1580 cm−1) [20]. In contrast, single-layer graphene typically yields a 2D peak comprising a single component, with an intensity of around double that of the G peak [19]. In between

• typically has a larger width (45–60 cm−1) compared to single layer graphene (ca. 24 cm−1). The intensity of the peaks has also been shown to be influenced by the rotational angle in bilayer graphene, although the shape of the peak is largely unaffected [22]. Roscher et al. [23] have attempted to quantify

• (relative) intensity and larger width than for single-layer graphene as a result of the convolution of many individual peaks [13]. It has previously been shown that Raman spectroscopy can be used to provide quantitative information on both flake thickness and lateral size of exfoliated graphene

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• exploiting the flow potential in nanochannels [34][39][40][41][42][43][44]. In 2014, Jun Yin et al. harvested wave energy using a single-layer graphene sheet [8][45]. The device produced a detectable electrical signal between the upper and lower electrodes when the graphene sheet was not fully immersed in

• permission from [43], Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Schematic diagrams of the single-layer graphene device and wave energy harvesting. (b) The voltage signal produced by inserting and withdrawing the sample at v = 3.1 cm/s in 0.6 M NaCl (3.5 wt

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• characterization utilizing field-effect transistors fabricated using single-layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and transferred to Si/SiO2 substrates. The wafers were purchased from Graphene Platform and we produced graphene transistors by conventional photolithography, following the procedures

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• millimeter-wave bands. At frequencies of 1–60 Ghz, the isolation of the single-layer graphene switch was 10 dB, and that of multilayer graphene was 20 dB. In addition, the isolation of the GR RF switch can be regulated by the applied voltage. Moldovan et al. [59] used multilayer graphene switches prepared by

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• incorporation of single-layer graphene enhances the mechanical properties of the composites [27]. Shin et al. indicated that there are several factors that would affect the reinforcement of the composite material, including the geometric/spatial characteristics of the reinforcement and the interface [28]. In

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• through site-selective irradiation, rather than through chemical functionalization of its surface. Nakaharai et al. irradiated supported single-layer graphene with 30 keV helium ions increasing the dose from ca. 2 × 1015 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 (corresponding to an estimated vacancy defect concentration of

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• including, but not limited to, the direct writing of defects to act as nuclei for epitaxial growth [25], the fabrication of two-dimensional phononic crystals [26], the magnetic patterning of suspended Co/Pt multilayers, the fabrication of two-dimensional mechanical resonators based on single-layer graphene

• resonators based on suspended single-layer graphene Used FIB-o-mat features: low-level beam path generation and automation via stage control, patterns optimized for speed to generate a large number of trampolines with varying bridge widths. Atomically thin graphene has extraordinary mechanical properties [3

• combination with a thermal stability up to 2600 K [50], renders graphene an exciting candidate for room-temperature bolometry [51]. Single-layer graphene was grown by chemical vapor deposition onto a multicrystalline copper foil using methane as precursor gas at 1035 °C. For the transfer process, the graphene

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• , due to their excellent physical and chemical properties (e.g., high surface area, excellent thermal and electric conductivity, high mechanical strength)[19][20][21]. Examples of graphene nanomaterials include single-layer graphene, few-layer graphene (FLG), graphene oxide (GO), and the reduced form of

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• was obtained above a single-layer graphene flake. The figure shows the influence of the three sample properties on the shape of the parabola and gives an overview of the different components of the frequency shift Δf. Traditional closed-loop controllers for KFM use lock-in techniques to measure the

• technique. The sample examined consists of two overlapping single-layer graphene sheets, forming a bilayer in the lower part of the image. For comparing the TD controller to state-of-the-art KFM, the graphene flake was initially scanned by standard FM-KFM using sideband demodulation. A Kalman filter was

• due to the topography alone, Δftopo. Sample: Single-layer graphene on SiO2; Tip: Olympus AC240TM-R3. Design and operation of the time-domain KFM controller. (a) Underlying system model. (b) Measurement setup. The estimated topography-induced frequency shift, , can be used in place of Δf to minimize

Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine

• K. Priya Madhuri,
• Abhay A. Sagade,
• Pralay K. Santra and
• Neena S. John

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66

• Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India 10.3762/bjnano.11.66 Abstract The influence of single-layer graphene on top of a SiO2/Si surface on the orientation of nonplanar lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) molecules is studied using two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The studies

• specific device applications. Keywords: conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM); lead phthalocyanine (PbPc); molecular orientation; single-layer graphene; substrate effect; two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (2D-GIXRD); Introduction Organic semiconductors have been extensively used in

• ) substrate [24]. It will be interesting to explore the molecular orientation of nonplanar PbPc on single-layer graphene supported on a substrate. In this study, we have investigated the molecular orientation of a PbPc film deposited on chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene transferred onto a SiO2/Si

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• layers (25.2 wt %), Ni encapsulated within single-layer graphene (32.8 wt %), but higher than that of nickel nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanotubes (14.5 wt %), and much lower than those of with N-doped carbon shells coated face-centered cubic (fcc) or hexagonal closed packed (hcp) nickel

Synthesis and acetone sensing properties of ZnFe₂O₄/rGO gas sensors

• Kaidi Wu,
• Yifan Luo,
• Ying Li and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2516–2526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.242

• -layer graphene oxide (GO) particles with average diameters of less than 500 nm and thicknesses of 0.8–1.2 nm (purity: 99%, concentration: 0.5 mg/mL) was purchased from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Technology Co., Ltd (Nanjing, China). Isopropanol (analytical degree) was obtained from Jiangsu Qiangsheng

• atmosphere. The nanostructure, the micromorphology and the acetone sensing performance of all samples were discussed. Moreover, the optimized rGO mixing ratio and the operating temperature have been determined as 0.5 wt % and 200 °C, respectively. Experimental Materials Aqueous dispersion solution of single

Direct growth of few-layer graphene on AlN-based resonators for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensors

• Jimena Olivares,
• Teona Mirea,
• Lorena Gordillo-Dagallier,
• Bruno Marco,
• José Miguel Escolano,
• Marta Clement and
• Enrique Iborra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 975–984, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.98

• typically transferred to the active area of the devices after being grown at high temperatures on copper catalysts [14], or from liquid suspensions [15], but never directly grown on top of the resonators. However, not all the applications require high-quality single-layer graphene; in fact, few-layer

Capillary force-induced superlattice variation atop a nanometer-wide graphene flake and its moiré origin studied by STM

• Loji K. Thomas and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 804–810, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.80

• superlattice to another. We noticed the superlattice on a graphene flake at the interface of a dilute organic solution (3,4,5-tris(octyloxy)benzamide in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (C6H3Cl3)) and graphite. Figure 1a shows an STM image of a graphite superlattice atop a single-layer graphene flake (circled) on a

Investigation of CVD graphene as-grown on Cu foil using simultaneous scanning tunneling/atomic force microscopy

• Majid Fazeli Jadidi,
• Umut Kamber,
• Oğuzhan Gürlü and
• H. Özgür Özer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2953–2959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.274

• taken on several samples showed the presence of dominantly single-layer graphene [36]. Results and Discussion We used a custom-made tungsten tip–cantilever probe [32] the stiffness of which was estimated from thermal oscillations to be about 53 N/m. The simultaneously acquired STM topography and force

Contactless photomagnetoelectric investigations of 2D semiconductors

• Marian Nowak,
• Marcin Jesionek,
• Barbara Solecka,
• Piotr Szperlich,
• Piotr Duka and
• Anna Starczewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2741–2749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.256

• , on the magnetic field as well as on the intensity and spatial distribution of illumination. The theoretical predictions agree with the results of the contactless investigations performed on non-suspended single-layer graphene. We use the contactless PME method for determining the dependence of

• taken into consideration. To test the theoretical predictions, we apply the induction technique in PME investigations of single-layer graphene on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil. The main aim of our work is to use the PME method for determining the dependence of μ on the concentration of electrons

• (). Experimental The investigated graphene samples were supplied by Graphene Supermarket. The single-layer graphene films were grown by CVD processing on a cooper foil and transferred onto a 170 μm thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil. The polycrystalline graphene films covered about 90% of the foil, with

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• 2D-band relative to G-band intensity, in addition to a band located around 2950 cm−1, assigned to a combination mode (D + D′) [18]. It was also found that multilayer graphene with the same top-layer defect density as single-layer graphene exhibits a lower ID/IG ratio because intact sub-layers with π

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• site is not available for O adsorption. This mechanism was recently observed by Scardamaglia et al. with high-resolution synchrotron measurements in a fully in situ experiment [84] in which contamination was avoided. The authors functionalized single-layer graphene grown by CVD on iridium(111) using

Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

• Maria Cecilia Evora,
• Xinyi Lu,
• Nitilaksha Hiremath,
• Nam-Goo Kang,
• Kunlun Hong,
• Roberto Uribe,
• Gajanan Bhat and
• Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

• AA and AN. Another peak that has a significant intensity in graphene structures is the G′ band. The G′ band is a single peak in single-layer graphene, whereas it splits into four peaks in bilayer graphene, reflecting the evolution of the electron band structure [37][38]. However, the G′ band is not

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• layers of the graphene structure [26]. Few-layer graphene is more favourable for reversible switching due to higher stiffness than single-layer graphene, but it requires larger jump-in voltages as a consequence. Graphene NEM switches are fabricated using dry or polymer-assisted transfer techniques of

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• employing a metal catalyst is a well-established method for synthesizing high-quality single-layer graphene. Yet the main challenge of the CVD process is the required transfer of a graphene layer from the substrate surface onto a chosen target substrate. This process is delicate and can severely degrade the

3D continuum phonon model for group-IV 2D materials

• Morten Willatzen,
• Lok C. Lew Yan Voon,
• Appala Naidu Gandi and
• Udo Schwingenschlögl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1345–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.136

• of the problem. In order to simplify and then solve it, it is necessary to specify the crystal symmetry of the vibrating system. The three problems considered in this article are graphene, silicene and MoS2. The Bravais lattice symmetries of the single-layer graphene (D6h ≡ 6/mmm) and MoS2

• electron–phonon scattering rates. The latter would be useful for understanding a number of physical properties as well as for applications. Dispersion relations for the phonon modes of single-layer graphene (left) and MoS2 (right), from DFT calculations. Dispersion relations for the coupled ux–uz acoustic

• phonon modes of single-layer graphene. The right plot is a zoomed version of the left plot. Note the nonlinear dispersion of one acoustic mode away from the Γ point. There is also one acoustic mode showing linear dispersion. Dispersion relation for the optical phonon modes of single-layer graphene

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• flexibility, and extraordinary electronic quality, and its superior thermal and mechanical properties [2][3]. Graphene exhibits high mechanical strength (>1060 GPa) and an exceptional Young’s modulus of 1 TPa [4]. Furthermore, single layer graphene is the strongest material ever tested [5]. It also exhibits

• fields. Material property requirements for specific applications Graphite is commercially used as an anode material for LIBs due to its large lithium storage capacity of 372 mAh·g−1. However, this is not sufficient for applications requiring high energy capacity. Single layer graphene has a high

• bond interactions and suppresses the charge recombination in the semiconductor materials [30]. As a consequence, improved photocatalytic properties of the hybrid system have been demonstrated. Synthesis of graphene The first free-standing single-layer graphene was obtained in 2004 by the isolation of

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• material. The response of graphene-based sensors can be radically improved by introducing defects in graphene using, for example, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. We have functionalised CVD grown, single-layer graphene by applying pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of V2O5 which resulted in a thin V2O5 layer

• characteristics. In particular, increasing the selectivity of graphene-based gas sensors is crucial for their future implementation. Recently, the improvement of gas sensing characteristics has been demonstrated with resistive type gas sensors based on single-layer graphene modified by a deposited layer of

• monolayer per laser pulse are the advantages worth mentioning. The method of PLD has recently been applied to improve the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing properties of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) grown, single-layer graphene in our previous work, using ZrO2 and Ag for functionalisation [14]. In the

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• demonstrates that the previously discussed LT process is completely compatible with the final plastic substrate. Graphene transistor channels were fabricated starting from a single layer graphene film grown by CVD on large area copper foils (provided by Graphenea). The graphene membrane was transferred to a